Introduction
The recent FIFA Club World Cup demonstrated the relevance and the complex impact of multi-club ownership (MCO) on football’s most prestigious stages. Notably, in the 2025 edition, Mexican institutions Club León and Club de Fútbol Pachuca - both owned by Grupo Pachuca - faced exclusion from the competition due to FIFA’s legal framework on MCO, enshrined in Article 10 of the FIFA Club World Cup 2025 Regulations. Despite winning the 2023 CONCACAF Champions Cup and earning its qualification, Club León was removed from the tournament after FIFA and the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) enforced the referred regulations, emphasizing the principle...
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